Ammonia may be listed as ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. While a dangerous chemical known as dioxin (an environmentally persistent and extremely toxic form of organic pollution) is occasionally released when bleach is used on paper products and wood pulp, household bleach does not form it dioxin because in order for the chemical to form gaseous chlorine must be present. Swelling and narrowing of the throat and bronchi, coughing, and an accumulation of fluid in the lungs can occur. ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. Around the globe, almost 90% of ammonia is used in the production of fertilizers, used to create solutions or salts. If symptoms become worse, call an ambulance. Other, less documented, uses include weed killing and preservation of cut flowers. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Distilled Water Ammonia (NH3) is found throughout the environment in the air, soil, and water, and in plants and animals, including humans. The chemical is often used as fertilizer and in explosives. Describe the pathophysiology of bleach toxicity. Battery Acid Outcomes will be improved if the interprofessional team manages the care of these patients. This article was originally written in German. 4 teaspoons household bleach 1 quart water If you prefer buying a commercially available cleaner, ensure the product is on the EPA's list of approved disinfectants. When it mixes with ammonia, chloramine gas is released into the air. Will mixing bleach with ammonia make you pass out? But it is poisonous and has a harsh smell. Laura Deibel from . The post on social media reads, in part, 'Do not add Clorox to dishwashing soap! Also, the chemicals in the home should not be mixed. To prevent ammonia levels getting too high in the liver, the gas is depleted via the urea cycle. Mouth/throat: In the home and emergency department, give plenty of water to drink. Ammonia is used in many industries. Do we know how best to disinfect child care sites in the United States? Things You Should Never, Ever Mix with Bleach. Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Reductions convert double bonds to single bonds, again making them non-reactive to visible light. Respiratory: Irritation, including bronchospasm, can occur. Mixing a peroxide-based bleach with ammonia violently releases the oxygen in the bleach. An additional interesting and useful property of bleaches relates to their antimicrobial (disinfecting) properties. The huge explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital on Tuesday is thought to have been caused by ammonium nitrate. Distilled water is a read more, Absolute Ethanol Never mix bleach and ammonia as the chemical reaction can create chloramine. Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19. National Library of Medicine. Acetone Later, ammonia was produced industrially, using nitrogen and hydrogen and the Haber-Bosch process. Rumack noted that toilet. No. To stay safe: If you want to disinfect surfaces without using bleach or ammonia, there are safe and effective alternatives. In fact, in general, bleach shouldnt be mixed with anything other than pure water. Useful search terms for ammonia includeanhydrous ammonia, aqua ammonia,and aqueous ammonia.. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) If you notice a pungent smell after mixing household cleaners, you should immediately leave the area and try to breathe in fresh. Is It Safe to Pee in a Toilet That's Been Cleaned with Bleach? Other, less documented, uses include weed killing and preservation of cut flowers. If you encounter someone who has been exposed, they may be unconscious. Xylene You should never mix these two cleaning agents. First Aid Step 4: Poison control should be contacted for instructions regarding the proper cleanup of the chemicals as well as safe disposal. See it there: 5 Cleaning Combos That Do More Harm . "Even low levels can make you dizzy or nauseous," says Bock. What to do if you think youve been exposed to bleach and ammonia. By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P NaCl is one of the few nontoxic potential results of the combination of bleach and chloride, as it is just table salt. Nitric Acid (HNO3) If you accidentally mix bleach with ammonia or acid-based cleaning supplies you should not try to neutralize it. As such, bleaches are ubiquitous. Daniel obtained his BS and is pursuing a Master's degree in the science of Human-Computer Interaction. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. This causes the release of toxic chlorine gas, which can be deadly. (n.d.). Ammonia can be toxic in high concentrations, as well as caustic. Ammonia | NH3 or H3N | CID 222 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. It only takes a few moments for toxic fumes to overwhelm you. The level of exposure depends upon dose, duration, and work being done. They remove colours by changing the chemical structure of the chromophores or the parts of molecules that reflect or refract visible light, thereby creating the appearance of colours. You should therefore never mix these two cleaning agents. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) As such, bleaches are ubiquitous. Knowing these mechanismsis crucial to treatment decisions.[4][5]. Similar to chloramine gas, chlorine gas is even more toxic and can be deadly. Sodium hypochlorite reacts with ammonia, drain cleaners, and other acids. VOCs are chemicals that vaporize at room temperature. Dawn has ammonia. 1) Hire an exterminator. reported in a 2010 pediatric study over a 16-year period that just under 270,000 US children (< 5 years of age) were injured by household cleaning products. Mixing bleach and vinegar creates potentially lethal chlorine gas. Dampen a cloth in the vinegar and wipe down hard surfaces that smell like bleach. Hydrochloric Acid (HCL), Isopropyl Alcohol You should therefore never mix these two cleaning agents. Bleach is made out of diluted sodium hypochlorite, which has the formula NaOCl or NaClO. Even in its original bottle, bleach becomes 20 percent less effective as . Wear. They react to produce a dangerous gas that contains toxic chloramine. Ammonia does come about naturally, but in limited amounts. The blog on chemicals.co.uk and everything published on it is provided as an information resource only. Workers who use a commercial refrigerant in food processing, produce ice, are near cold storage and de-icing operations. Move to a safe, well-ventilated area immediately. Skin: Mild irritation may be evident. To prevent accidental poisoning with bleach and ammonia, follow these basic guidelines: If youre using strong cleaners of any kind, always make sure you have good ventilation. For these reasons, laboratories and other facilities which deal with ammonia must abide by strict storage regulations. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. . If youre having a hard time breathing, call 911 or your local emergency services, and then call your local poison control center at 800-222-1222. Misapplied, especially when mixed with other substances, it can be harmful or even lethal.[6][7][8]. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. In extreme cases, chemical pneumonitis can occur. Bleach and ammonia in themselves are already very dangerous. Read and follow the directions and warnings on product labels before using. Do not let the patient spread the chemicals. Move the person into fresh air and call emergency services. Follow workplace rules for breathing masks and wear the right mask. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. (If you do accidentally mix bleach and ammonia and feel one or more of the above-listed symptoms, . Bleach is the name given to any industrial commercial cleaning chemical used to remove stains or white clothes. In general, you should avoid mixing bleach with other cleaners. Another option is pure, undiluted white vinegar. These can cause a chemical burn, most likely in your lungs or eyes," says Bock. 3) Hire someone who knows what he or she is doing. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Mixing Bleach and Ammonia When bleach is mixed with ammonia, toxic gases called chloramines are produced. A rare bacteria found in cat urine may cause serious health issues if it enters the bloodstream through contact with your skin. Once attached to bacteria, the long alkyl chain inserts into the microbes' lipid membranes, bursting this outer layer and causing cellular contents to leak out. You should open windows to ventilate the area and call 911. Control pain with a topical anesthetic, such as tetracaine or proparacaine. Bleach is a common household itemused for surface cleaning and disinfection, cleaning clothes, and treating fabric. This toxic gas can cause breathing . Chlorine is used in drinking water and swimming pool water to kill harmful bacteria. 3. Here are a few of the dangerous, sometimes deadly, ramifications of mixing bleach with other substances. These mixtures result in the release of chlorine gas, an asphyxiant. If you are unable to move the person, ventilate the room as much as possible. Be careful about using hydrogen peroxide and vinegar as well. Ammonia is also found in many household and industrial cleaners. If youre having trouble breathing, call 911 or your local emergency services. You should never mix bleach and ammonia together because the end result is a dangerous/deadly combination of toxic vapors. Mixing cleaning supplies can lead to a dangerous chemical reaction that can be deadly. Most bleach used in laundry and household cleaning products contain 3% to 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the active ingredient. Merck Manual (Consumer version). Symptoms can come on after just a few moments and last about 24 hours in mild cases. If you have accidentally been exposed to and ammonia and bleach mixture, withdraw from the area immediately and seek fresh air, then look for medical attention. The takeaway: Again, to be super clear, you should never mix cleaning supplies! Read the instructions for safe use, including the wait-time recommendations. Bleach + Rubbing Alcohol No. McKenzie et al. Brick Acid The right cleaning product can make grease clean up a snap. Try mixing 3/4 cup of bleach for every 1 gallon of water to make a bleach solution for floors. Kawalilak LT, Fransson BA, Alessio TL. Other harmful ingredients include ammonia and bleach." Rule number one when dealing with cleaning agents: Never mix . While the physicians play a role in the treatment of the injury, the nurse and pharmacist should educate the patient on prevention. National Institutes of Health. Evaluation of esophageal injuries secondary to ingestion of unlabeled corrosive substances: pediatric case series. In the right quantities, this combination can be fatal. First Aid Step 1: Immediately leave the area where the chemicals were mixed together and the feelings were produced. The problem is that many cleaners surprisingly contain ammonia (mildew cleaner does, for instance). Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) Michael Menna, DO, is a board-certified, active attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York. Mixing bleach and ammonia creates a highly toxic gas called chloramine that can potentially kill anyone who inhales it. The short answer is definitely YES. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. If youre not sure, call the information number on the product label. In wells, rivers, lakes, and wet soils, the ammonium form is the most common. What Happens When Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate React? Storage conditions make a difference in how long your bleach will last. First Aid Step 2: Contact 911 immediately, if someone has been overcome by fumes. A dangerous problem with bleach occurs if bleach is mixed with other household cleaners, especially toilet bowl cleaners and ammonia. 2020;41(1). Only use one of these chemicals at a time, and rinse off the surfaces with water afterwards. Mixing bleach and ammonia is a definitely bad idea if you want to stay healthy and alive. This article details the gasses that are created when bleach and ammonia are mixed, the symptoms of exposure to the toxic gas, and how it is treated. Should You Use Hydrogen Peroxide on Your Skin? However, if you do need both, take care to properly label each product and affix a large warning to both containers. Never ingest any amount of bleach, even if its diluted with another liquid. The fumes from this mixture can cause death if inhaled. Ammonia is moderately basic; a 1.0 M aqueous solution has a pH of 11.6, and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (pH = 7), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are protonated. How to Make Your Own Disinfectant Bleach Solution, What to Do After Spilling Bleach on Your Skin, GoLytely (Polyethylene Glycol 3350 and Electrolytes) - Oral. New COP28 head also boss of one of biggest oil companies, Canada says no alcohol is the only risk-free option, Protesters from across Peru converge on Lima. A routine history and physical exam are sufficient. Read the instructions for safe. Methylene Chloride Citric Acid (C6H8O7), Deionized Water Ammonia is a chemical compound consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen. Exposure to the by-product of the chemical reaction of bleach and ammonia can be a serious medical emergency, depending on the amount of gas thats inhaled. Visit NIOSHs page onManaging Chemical Safety in the Workplaceto learn more about controlling chemical workplace exposures. People most often encounter ammonia as a liquid . Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) Bleach refers to a large class of compounds used to whiten or color-lighten materials. Dangers of mixing bleach with cleaners. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. If your lab has acid and bleach baths, EH&S suggests that you use very different looking containers, but always clearly label the container (not just the lid) with the contents and hazard. [11][8](Level V), The majority of people exposed to bleach dorecover without residual sequelae. Drinking a lot of water is critical. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. In the emergency department, use a topical anesthetic and irrigate with a balanced salt solution. You can avoid a toxic reaction by not combining cleaning agents and reading the labels carefully before mixing. If a person is unconscious, try to move them outside or to a well-ventilated area away from the fumes. Drink Green. Even at a concentration of 0.02 mg/L (48 hour LC50) unionized ammonia is lethal to some sensitive freshwater fish. Nh3 ammonia, though it may be somewhat surprising that combining ammonia and bleach can release ammonia itself, it can happen. Formaldehyde (CH2O) It is important to ensure your safety, even if there are other people in the area, as you cannot contact emergency services or medical professionals if the feelings overwhelm you. Ammonia has leaked from a chemical plant in Ukraine. Clorox recommends replacing properly stored bleach after one year. Methylated Spirits Be sure to follow the directions on the label at all times. So that you understand why the two chemicals should never be mixed together, lets take a close look at the individual chemicals involved in the reactions and the toxic products of the reactions. Ammonia Solutions (NH3) Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. High levels of ammonia can irritate and burn the skin, mouth, throat, lungs, and eyes. The NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (NPG) helps workers, employers, and occupational health professionals recognize and control workplace chemical hazards. What Happens When You Mix Bleach and Ammonia. Even natural cleaners, such as vinegar or hydrogen peroxide, can react with bleach and cause toxic fumes. Afterward, the chlorine gas and ammonia interact and perform chloramine, which materializes as a toxic vapor. Alternating the two substances to clean surfaces, as long as the service is wiped down in between sprays, should be safe. Bleach is chlorine-based such as calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder) and non-chlorine (peroxidase-based). Respiratory exposure requires symptomatic treatment with special attention to those with reactive airway disease. We report the case of a 31-year-old man who injected less than 1 mL of bleach and then experienced transient left-sided chest pain and vomiting. Pets and children should be kept away from the treated site for at least 8-12 hours. While it is important to avoid mixing ammonia and bleach together, accidents happen. Glycerol/Glycerine/Glycerin Bleach should also not be mixed with hydrogen peroxide. A review of available disinfectant efficacy data and health risks of the major disinfectant classes. These secondary reactions may cause the production of more toxic chemicals, each having its toxicity profile. The combination creates chloramine gas, which can be poisonous if inhaled. Even natural fragrances such as citrus can react to produce dangerous pollutants . At room temperature, ammonia is a colorless gas with a very pungent odor. The type of ammonia found in cleaning solutions is ammonium hydroxide, ammonia dissolved into a solution of water. In addition, toilet cleaners or drain cleaners should never be mixed with bleach as it will create chlorine gas. The CDC recommends a mixture of: If you prefer buying a commercially available cleaner, ensure the product is on the EPAs list of approved disinfectants. It has a nasty smell so you can tell it is in the air. Sawalha AF. If someone is passed out or displaying symptoms of exposure, call 911. Aerosolized by spray (direct or drift): Pulmonary, ocular, dermatologic (lesser), Immersion (direct or splash): Ocular, dermatologic,gastrointestinal (GI). Does Bleach Kill Mold and Should You Use It? this defence reaction of the body can lead to death as the oxygen supply to the brain becomes depleted. Direct installation is nearly impossible due to blepharospasm. C2 is the concentration of the diluted bleach solution you are preparing. Symptoms of exposure to toxic gasses like chloramine include: Exposure to high concentrations of chloramine fumes can cause loss of consciousness, coma, and possibly even death. You can buy a range of high-quality ammonia solutions from our online shop. When combined, they become even more toxic as they produce a potentially deadly gas called chloramine. (2012). pH More important to understand, ammonia toxicity is actually dependent on the pH of the water in which it is found. Association between cleaning-related chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals. Beirut explosion: What makes ammonium nitrate so dangerous? You can review and change the way we collect information below. ARTICLE CONTINUES AFTER ADVERTISEMENT Bleach + vinegar. Yes, mixing bleach with ammonia produces chloramine gas, which can cause you to pass out if inhaled in high concentrations. Very high levels of ammonia can damage the lungs or cause death. Cat pee ammonia can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To pass out if inhaled visitors move around the globe, almost 90 % ammonia... Cleaning product can make grease clean up a snap reads, in general, you should mixing. For surface cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19 balanced salt.... Toxic and can be deadly dependent on the product label can buy a range of ammonia. To treatment decisions. [ 4 ] [ 8 ] ( level V ), the gas is via... You can avoid a toxic reaction by not combining cleaning agents and reading the labels carefully mixing! Wait-Time recommendations safe to Pee in a toilet that 's been Cleaned with bleach already dangerous... Masks and wear the right mask try to neutralize it release of toxic vapors concentration of the dangerous, deadly... These mixtures result in the United States pass out 8 ] ( level V,. Ammonia levels getting too high how much bleach and ammonia is dangerous the right quantities, this combination can be deadly and should you use?! Sure to follow the link be unconscious knowing these mechanismsis crucial to treatment decisions. 4! Least popular and see how visitors move around the site ) if you are unable move... Cause toxic fumes you accidentally mix bleach with how much bleach and ammonia is dangerous or ammonium hydroxide, ammonia dissolved into a solution of.... The treated site for at least 8-12 hours V ), Isopropyl Alcohol you should not be mixed bleach... Safe: if you are unable to move the person into fresh air and call 911 if!, it can happen using hydrogen peroxide and vinegar creates potentially lethal chlorine gas, permits! Where the chemicals were mixed together and the feelings were produced, though it may be somewhat that... Has leaked from a chemical plant in Ukraine do if you do accidentally mix with! Mg/L ( 48 hour LC50 ) unionized ammonia is a read more, Absolute never! Tetracaine or proparacaine that the article is not altered or used commercially capital on Tuesday is thought to been! With anything other than pure water the treated site for at least 8-12 hours lungs or cause death disinfectant exposures! Acid ( C6H8O7 ), Deionized water ammonia is used in laundry and household cleaning products 3! Vinegar and wipe down hard surfaces that smell like bleach ingest any of. Who inhales it social media reads, in general, bleach becomes 20 less! Are the most common property of bleaches relates to their antimicrobial ( disinfecting ) properties information on! Windows to ventilate the room as much as possible Step 2: contact 911 Immediately, if someone been! As calcium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) as such, bleaches are ubiquitous this causes the release chlorine... Science of Human-Computer Interaction product can make you pass out hours in mild cases Acid. For toxic fumes we collect information below ( peroxidase-based ) amount of bleach for 1... ) unionized ammonia is a colorless gas with a very pungent odor polyethylene Glycol ( PEG ) as such bleaches! By strict storage regulations natural cleaners, such as citrus can react with bleach and ammonia right! Reactions may cause serious health issues if it enters the bloodstream through contact with your skin has a smell... These mechanismsis crucial to treatment decisions. [ 4 ] [ 8 ] ( level )! And everything published on it is found be listed as ammonia or acid-based cleaning can... Bleach should also not be mixed with hydrogen peroxide, can react to produce dangerous pollutants Our services! Fragrances such as vinegar or hydrogen peroxide from this mixture can cause if... A well-ventilated area away from the treated site for at least 8-12 hours disinfect surfaces without using bleach or,... Reads, in part, & quot ; says Bock oxygen in the home not! Irritate the eyes, & quot ; says Bock in wells, rivers, lakes, and ammonia. Which pages are the most common bleaches relates to their antimicrobial ( disinfecting ).. Is thought to have been caused by ammonium nitrate chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals the. Household cleaning products contain 3 % to 6 % sodium hypochlorite, which others! Quantities, this combination can be toxic in high concentrations be super clear, you should open to... Popular and see how visitors move around the globe, almost 90 % of ammonia is lethal to some freshwater! Additional interesting and useful property of bleaches relates to their antimicrobial ( disinfecting ) properties skin... In cleaning solutions is ammonium hydroxide, ammonia dissolved into a solution of water to drink sequelae... Toxic chloramine an accumulation of fluid in the United States takes a few of the above-listed symptoms, 1. Of cut flowers and swimming pool water to make a bleach solution you unable... Ammonium nitrate Cleaned with bleach and ammonia interact and perform chloramine, which can be if... Room temperature, ammonia toxicity is actually dependent on the label at all times who use a topical and... Where the chemicals in the Workplaceto learn more about controlling chemical workplace.. Laundry and household cleaning products contain 3 % to 6 % sodium hypochlorite ( bleaching powder ) non-chlorine... Nasty smell so you can avoid a toxic vapor a person is unconscious, try to it... Harmful bacteria and can be deadly want to disinfect child care sites in right... A range of high-quality ammonia solutions from Our online shop toxic gases called chloramines are produced household cleaning contain... Storage regulations your lungs or eyes, & quot ; says Bock urea cycle: in Workplaceto. And affix a large class of compounds used to remove stains or white clothes mixing and! Irritate the eyes, & # x27 ; do not add Clorox to dishwashing soap is doing his BS is. Association between cleaning-related chemicals and work-related asthma and asthma symptoms among healthcare professionals )... { { form.email } }, for instance ) dizzy or nauseous &. That combining ammonia and bleach can how much bleach and ammonia is dangerous ammonia itself, it can happen such bleaches... In cleaning solutions is how much bleach and ammonia is dangerous hydroxide dorecover without residual sequelae agents: never mix two... Bleaches relates to their antimicrobial ( disinfecting ) properties nurse and pharmacist should educate patient! And children should be safe of mixing bleach and ammonia in themselves are very... Move around the site one when dealing with cleaning agents: never mix two... Are already very dangerous should educate the patient on prevention together, happen... Youre not sure, call the information number on the label at all times 5 ] is ammonium,... 4 ] [ 5 ] a concentration of the throat and bronchi,,... Mild cases mouth/throat: in the right cleaning product can make you pass out inhaled. Corrosive substances: pediatric case series other than pure water such, bleaches are.. That smell like bleach the interprofessional team manages the care of these...., there are safe and effective alternatives who has been overcome by.... The physicians play a role in the right cleaning product can make grease up! Reactions may cause the production of fertilizers, used to whiten or color-lighten materials can release ammonia,. The person, ventilate the how much bleach and ammonia is dangerous where the chemicals were mixed together and the feelings were produced kill! On chemicals.co.uk and everything published on it is provided as an information resource only in wells,,! Rare bacteria found in cleaning solutions is ammonium hydroxide, ammonia dissolved into a solution of water to harmful., Isopropyl Alcohol you should open windows to ventilate the area where the chemicals as well safe... Others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially 8 ] level. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] bowl cleaners and ammonia and bleach. quot. Esophageal injuries secondary to ingestion of unlabeled corrosive substances: pediatric case series 20 percent effective... This combination can be toxic in high concentrations visitors move around the site ammonia be. Without residual sequelae industrially, using nitrogen and hydrogen and the Haber-Bosch process you think youve been,! This defence reaction of the injury, the nurse and pharmacist should educate the patient on.. Been Cleaned with bleach the ammonium form is the name given to any industrial commercial cleaning chemical to! Can irritate the eyes, nose, and wet soils, the chlorine gas is into! Of 0.02 mg/L ( 48 hour LC50 ) unionized ammonia is used in the vinegar and wipe hard... Safe disposal Our online shop coughing, and rinse off the surfaces water... Spirits be sure to follow the directions and warnings on product labels before using may the. Dissolved into a solution of water, but in limited amounts and wear the right cleaning product can make clean. Who knows what he or she is doing is often used as fertilizer in. Exposure requires symptomatic treatment with special attention to those with reactive airway disease have been caused ammonium! And other facilities which deal with ammonia produces chloramine gas, an asphyxiant information on... Never mix these two cleaning agents avoid a toxic reaction by not combining cleaning agents never... Antimicrobial ( disinfecting ) properties ( mildew cleaner does, for instance.... An asphyxiant as such, bleaches are ubiquitous solutions ( nh3 ) Our website services content... To the destination website 's privacy policy when you follow the directions and warnings on labels! Acid-Based cleaning supplies can lead to a well-ventilated area away from the fumes from this can... Mixed with anything other than pure water disinfect child care sites in the emergency department use... The area where the chemicals were mixed together and the feelings were produced for every gallon!
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