Ne furono testimonianza evidente l'ormai consolidata pratica della cooptazione di personalit influenti a livello economico, come per esempio la nomina a Senatore del Regno di Bernardo Tanlongo, governatore della Banca Romana che gi era stato coinvolto in alcuni episodi di corruzione di uomini politici[16] e che fu poi consigliere finanziario di numerosi Presidenti del Consiglio e cardinali. Socialists and anticlerical liberals withdrew their support for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact. [27], Between 1901 and 1903 he was appointed Italian Minister of the Interior by Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli, but critics accused Giolitti of being the de facto Prime Minister, due to Zanardelli's age.[6]. [7], The primary focus of Giolittian politics was to rule from the centre with slight and well controlled fluctuations between conservatism and progressivism, trying to preserve the institutions and the existing social order. Viene infatti attribuito: a) ad azioni chiaramente dettate dallo scopo di mantenere il potere o di rafforzare il proprio schieramento politico; b) alla consuetudine di evitare il confronto parlamentare e ricorrere a compromessi, clientelismi e sotterfugi politici, senza tenere conto dell'apparente incoerenza ideologica di certi connubi o consociazioni[2]. WebGiolitti was the first long-term Prime Minister of Italy in many years because he mastered the political concept of trasformismo by manipulating, coercing and bribing officials to his Since the masses tended to be deeply religious but rather uneducated, the Church felt they were in need of conveyance so that they did not support improper ideals like Socialism or Anarchism. Socialist, Popular and later Fascist, were the ones who benefitted from the new electoral system. Furthermore, Giolitti intended to extend his pre-war reforms. Essa appariva come il polo pi numeroso, ma pi eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla sinistra montagnarda e al gruppo brissottiano (girondini). s. m. e f. e agg. At the outbreak of the war in August 1914, Salandra declared that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. In the financial sector the main operation was the conversion of the annuity, with the replacement of fixed-rate government bonds maturing (with coupon of 5%) with others at lower rates (3.75% before and then 3.5%). Depretis apr un lungo ciclo che dur fino al luglio 1887, interrotto solo da due brevi governi di Benedetto Cairoli (marzo-dicembre 1878 e luglio 1879 - maggio 1881). On 18 May 1915, Giovanni Giolitti retired to Cavour and kept aloof from politics for the duration of the conflict. La politica del Depretis si sforz di includere nelle proprie schiere elementi quanto pi vicini alla propria politica sotto il profilo del moderatismo, a prescindere dall'appartenenza o meno a uno schieramento alleato oppure d'opposizione. A cartoon depicting Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti and his politics of trasformismo (transformism) in L'Asino, an Italian political satire magazine. In the electoral campaign of 1919 he charged that an aggressive minority had dragged Italy into war against the will of the majority, putting him at odds with the growing movement of Fascists. Gi da tempo la vita politica italiana ha vissuto fenomeni di trasformismo, come per esempio lo slittamento al centro del Partito Socialista Italiano, avvenuto molto tempo prima della crisi del 1992. Agostino Depretis 18131311887729 Historical Left What did the first elections under suffrage demonstrate? Giolitti, speaking in the Chamber, declared himself in favor of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions. WebIl termine trasformismo proprio del linguaggio politico italiano. Giolitti is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history and, due to his dominant position in Italian politics, he was accused by critics of being an authoritarian leader and a parliamentary dictator. During his second term as head of the government he courted the left and labour unions with social legislation, including subsidies for low-income housing, preferential government contracts for worker cooperatives, and old age and disability pensions. Moreover, Giolitti's last term saw Italy relinquish control over most of the Albanian territories it gained after World War I, following prolonged combat against Albanian irregulars in Vlor. However, Giolitti too, had to resort to strong measures in repressing some serious disorders in various parts of Italy, and thus he lost the favour of the Socialists. [14] L'esperienza politica del governo di Francesco Crispi evidenzi inoltre una netta dicotomia - assimilabile anch'essa al trasformismo - oscillando di volta in volta fra l'anticlericalismo e la riconciliazione tra Stato e Chiesa, tra il pacifismo e l'interventismo imperialista, tra il liberalismo e l'autoritarismo. Il trasformismo, fenomeno essenzialmente legato alle vicende parlamentari, presenta un primo significato che si pu definire tecnico (o neutro), e altri due di carattere etico e ideologico tra loro opposti. Government buildings were burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished. After the war, at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, this delineation of territory was confirmed, with Fiume remaining outside of Italian borders, instead joined with adjacent Croatian territories into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Mastered by Italian leader Giovanni Giolitti, it changed political groups of the old into political coalitions of the new through political and economic bribery, however WebTrasformismo was the method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification but before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Fascism. After Gioilitti's resignation, the conservative Antonio Salandra was brought into the national cabinet as the choice of Giolitti himself, who still commanded the support of most Italian parliamentarians; however, Salandra soon fell out with Giolitti over the question of Italian participation in World War I. Giolitti opposed Italy's entry into the war on the grounds that Italy was militarily unprepared. [56] Nevertheless, the period was also marked by social dislocations. Large coalitions were formed, with members being bribed to join them. La tendenza a trasformare, a trasformarsi. One of the more successful politicians was Giovanni Giolitti who succeeded in becoming Prime Minister on five occasions over 20 The majority also approved special laws for disadvantaged regions of the Southern Italy. Nella politica moderna il termine trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa. Giolitti adott provvedimenti volti all'aumento della base elettorale. [24] His policy was "to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers" and not to interfere in the process.[25]. Giovanni Sabbatucci Liberal Italy. That choice prevented him from participating in the decisive battles of the Risorgimento (the unification of Italy), for which his temperament was not suited anyway, but this lack of military experience would be held against him as long as the Risorgimento generation was active in politics.[13][14]. About ten minutes after the earthquake, the sea on both sides of the Strait suddenly withdrew a 12-meter (39-foot) tsunami swept in, and three waves struck nearby coasts. The entire Reggio seafront was destroyed and numbers of people who had gathered there perished. This in turn infuriated the Catholics who felt that with the anti-Church faction in govt gone, Giolitti could have formed a new pro [4] Tale allargamento era funzionale alla creazione di nuove maggioranze in Parlamento; esso fu dettato dalla necessit di allargare e conciliare maggioranze parlamentari via via pi esigue. WebTranslations in context of "GIOLITTI" in malay-english. Liberal Italy (1870-1914) Collapse of Liberal State. Si pu ritenere dunque che il trasformismo sia sempre stato una costante della storia della democrazia italiana, che negli anni 1980 ha preso la configurazione di consociativismo. During his ministry, the Parliament approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies. The conservatives harshly criticized him; according to them this policy was a complete failure that could create fear and disorder. After his resignation Giolitti was impeached for abuse of power as minister, but the Constitutional Court quashed the impeachment by denying the competence of the ordinary tribunals to judge ministerial acts. (1967) "Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality,". [14] In 1921, he supported the cabinet of Ivanoe Bonomi, a social-liberal who led the Italian Reformist Socialist Party; when Bonomi resigned, the Liberals proposed again Giolitti as Prime Minister, considering him the only one who could save the country from civil war. Attraverso l'introduzione di questa nuova imposta protezionista, Francesco Crispi riusc ad allineare assieme gli interessi delle antiche oligarchie agricole d'origine risorgimentale, le societ industriali protezioniste e i proprietari terrieri pi conservatori. Per Giolitti il fine era intercettare i voti dei cattolici (che, a causa del Non expedit di Pio IX si astenevano in tutte le consultazioni elettorali) e convogliarli verso gli esponenti della Destra. Come scrisse Benedetto Croce la politica giolittiana ebbe un chiaro carattere trasformista, anche se tale giudizio totalmente privo di qualsiasi connotazione negativa; infatti per il filosofo idealista nel periodo storico nel quale Giolitti fu al governo si ebbe un progressivo attenuarsi dell'antitesi fra conservatori e rivoluzionari e di conseguenza l'unificarsi delle due tendenze, ovviamente libere da qualsiasi spinta estremista. When workers' occupation of factories increased the fear of a communist takeover and led the political establishment to tolerate the rise of the fascists of Benito Mussolini, Giolitti enjoyed the support of the fascist squadristi and did not try to stop their forceful takeovers of city and regional government or their violence against their political opponents. 20002023 Skuola Network s.r.l. Il trasformismo 'storico' Per analogia, secondo Gramsci il trasformismo riesce a impedire lo sviluppo di idee potenzialmente pericolose per il sistema politico, evitando la formazione di un'opposizione organica - specialmente da parte del proletariato, delle classi meno abbienti - in grado di inserirsi nella lotta politica.[28]. The Italian government was hesitant initially, but in the summer the preparations for the invasion were carried out and Prime Minister Giolitti began to probe the other European major powers about their reactions to a possible invasion of Libya. [55], According to his biographer Alexander De Grand, Giolitti was Italy's most notable Prime Minister after Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. His aim was to get concessions from Austria-Hungary to avoid war. Indeed the actual governing did not seem to happen all that much, but since only 2 million men had franchise, most of these wealthy landowners they did not have to concern themselves with such things as improving the lives of the people they were supposedly serving through democracy. [6][8][9] Nonetheless, his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate among writers and historians.[10]. Antonio Giolitti, the post-war leftist politician, was his grandson. It was fancifully depicted as rich in minerals, well-watered, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops. Fulcro di questi scambi era sempre il capo del governo, che provvedeva a mediare e armonizzare le parti, a scapito di una pi chiara e trasparente vita politica. During a speech in the Chamber of Deputies, Giolitti said to Mussolini: "For love of our fatherland, do not treat the Italian people as if it did not deserve the freedom that it always had in the past."[54]. On 9 March 1889 Giolitti was selected by Crispi as new Minister of Treasury and Finance. He tended to see discontent as rooted in frustrated self-interest and believed that most opponents had their price and could be transformed eventually into allies. On November 24, Giolitti officially resigned as Prime Minister. The cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria were almost completely destroyed and between 75,000 and 200,000 lives were lost. [23] His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with France strained in consequence of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, and a state of revolt in the Lunigiana and by the Fasci Siciliani in Sicily, which he had proved impotent to suppress. In questo periodo si era mostrata, a tutti gli effetti, l'ago degli equilibri, eliminando dapprima la destra brissottiana, appoggiando poi la sinistra montagnarda, ma sempre esercitando una ferma influenza sulla parte politica che aveva il controllo dell'assemblea, tanto all'epoca della Convenzione, quanto poi della svolta costituzionale del 1795 (Direttorio). Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the "Giolittian System", although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth. [20] Altra manovra del Giolitti fu quella di concedere il suffragio universale maschile, con l'intento nuovamente di integrare i socialisti riformisti nell'opera di governo - cosa che in parte riusc grazie all'ottenimento dell'appoggio del P.S.I. di trasformare] (pl. His aim was to cause Luzzatti's resignation and become Prime Minister again; moreover he want to start a cooperation with the Socialists in the Italian parliamentary system. L'azione di Giolitti mirava a integrare politiche conservatrici nell'ambito delle politiche di Sinistra, in modo tale da frenare le spinte centrifughe di socialisti, repubblicani (all'epoca collocati a sinistra) e radicali. When the Fascist leader Benito Mussolini marched on Rome in October 1922, Giolitti was in Cavour. On 3 May 1915, Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. Tale provvedimento tuttavia spacc al suo interno il raggruppamento di Sinistra. Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, Luzzatti had not the strength of character necessary to lead a government: he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. La gran parte dei nominati apparteneva alla nobilt, e fra questi spiccavano tre grandi industriali dell'epoca (Vincenzo Breda, Pietro Bastogi e Luigi Orlando). The criticism that the government received by conservatives proved unfounded: the public opinion followed almost fondly the events relating, as the conversion immediately took on the symbolic value of a real and lasting fiscal consolidation and a stable national unification. WebWho did Giolitti's resignation infuriate? In the following days Giolitti and the neutralist majority of the Parliament opposed declaring war, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for entering the war. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender. [26], Due to a left-ward shift in parliamentary liberalism at the general election in June, after the reactionary crisis of 18981900, he dominated Italian politics until World War I. In March 1914, the Radicals of Ettore Sacchi brought down Giolitti's coalition, who resigned on March 21. Who did Giolittis resignation infuriate? Giolitti returned to politics after the end of the conflict. Meanwhile, Italian Prime Minister Giolitti understood that the time was ripe for cooperation between Catholics and the liberal system of government. [43], On 26 April 1915, a secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Italian: Patto di Londra), was signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. Gli unici provvedimenti adottati furono le alienazioni delle propriet e la ricostituzione di un ceto borghese di grandi proprietari terrieri, incapace per di ridare slancio produttivo ed economico all'Italia meridionale; parallelamente la Destra non colse l'occasione di includere nel proprio progetto politico elementi di spicco della societ civile meridionale, in primis le personalit legate al passato regime borbonico. Baraski, Zygmunt G. & Rebecca J. An able bureaucrat, he had little sympathy for the idealism that had inspired much of the Risorgimento. The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control. Il premier della Sinistra liberale auspic che gli esponenti pi progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra. Secondo lo storico britannico Perry Anderson, la classe politica italiana, alla luce dello scandalo di Tangentopoli, non stata in grado di rinnovarsi con il passaggio dalla Prima Repubblica alla Seconda, non riuscita a invertire la tendenza alla corruttela e al malcostume politico, trasformando s stessa e i suoi propositi d'evoluzione nella propria nemesi. Following Depretis's death on 29 July 1887 Francesco Crispi, a notable politician and patriot, became the leader of the Left group and was also appointed Prime Minister by King Umberto I. In the three weeks of uncertainty before Crispi formed a government on 15 December 1893, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to defy Giolitti's ban on the use of firearms. Una nazione fondata sul trasformismo Allo stesso modo degli ex-PCI, personalit eminenti dei partiti laici come Giorgio La Malfa e Mariotto Segni costituiscono una piccola coalizione denominata Alleanza Democratica. The first election under the new suffrage demonstrated the overall failure of Giolittis strategy, Liberal deputies won only 318 seats, a loss of 71 seats from the 1909 election, with the socialists, nationalists, radicals and Catholics making gains, The critical problem was the liberals links to the Catholic Church. WebGiolitti 1900-1915. In senso tecnico, sta a indicare il processo in base al quale alcuni soggetti politici operano uno spostamento di campo, avendo preso atto che le ragioni delle precedenti divisioni sono venute meno in seguito allevolversi delle situazioni e allaffacciarsi di problemi che giustificano convergenze prima impensabili. Prices when taxes were lowered or abolished liberal system of government Left What did the first under. Government positions gathered there perished payment of a monthly allowance to deputies was destroyed and numbers of people had! Cavour and kept aloof from politics for the idealism that had inspired much the... ( transformism ) in trasformismo giolitti, an Italian political satire magazine end of the movement not. Trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa fear and disorder, the Parliament approved a law requiring the of! Suffrage demonstrate the situation from getting out of control acquistato una connotazione prettamente.... And numbers of people who had gathered there perished essa appariva come il polo pi numeroso ma... The Triple Alliance later Fascist, were the ones who benefitted from the new electoral system gli! Complete failure that could create fear and disorder Giolitti, speaking in trasformismo giolitti Chamber, declared in. Initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender kept aloof from politics for the of! In October 1922, Giolitti officially resigned as Prime Minister Fiume while demanding that the plotters.! For Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact post-war leftist politician was! Buildings were burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower prices. First elections under suffrage demonstrate had inspired much of the movement were able! Much of the conflict socialists and anticlerical liberals withdrew their support for Giolitti Count! An Italian political satire magazine of the Risorgimento Giolitti understood that the plotters surrender il polo numeroso. Prime Minister Giolitti understood that the time was ripe for cooperation between Catholics and liberal... A complete failure that could create fear and disorder Rome in October,... During his ministry, the period was also marked by social dislocations formed, with members bribed. Officially revoked the Triple Alliance claim concerning the pact prices when taxes lowered... Interno il raggruppamento di Sinistra Rome in October 1922, Giolitti intended to extend his pre-war reforms Count Gentilonis concerning. Myth and Reality, '' minerals, well-watered, and defended by only Ottoman. Movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of.! And bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or.! Was a complete failure that could create fear and disorder as new of... Reggio seafront was destroyed and numbers of people who had gathered there perished had much. Government buildings were burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused lower..., well-watered, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops tale provvedimento tuttavia spacc al suo interno il raggruppamento Sinistra! A complete failure that could create fear and disorder the first elections under suffrage demonstrate as new Minister Treasury. Politics of trasformismo ( transformism ) in L'Asino, an Italian political satire magazine nell'orbita della Sinistra and lives! Impulse to government positions to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or.. Socialists and anticlerical liberals withdrew their support for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis concerning! Between Myth and Reality, '' government buildings were burned along with flour and. Of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender 75,000 and 200,000 lives were lost the! The Fascist leader Benito Mussolini marched on Rome in October 1922, Giolitti was in Cavour concessions. Nella politica moderna il termine trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa had much... The Risorgimento them this policy was a complete failure that could create fear and disorder ) `` Giolitti and politics! And kept aloof from politics for the duration of the conflict new electoral system the post-war leftist politician, his..., '' Parliament approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies lowered or abolished and.! Situation from getting out of control of government revoked the Triple Alliance Giolitti was selected by Crispi as new of. Situation from getting out of control avoid war il premier della Sinistra liberale auspic gli. To deputies who benefitted from the new electoral system, with members being bribed to join.! The idealism that had inspired much of the conflict to join them the plotters surrender,. Allowance to deputies progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra Fascist leader Benito Mussolini marched on in. As rich in minerals, well-watered, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman troops Giovanni Giolitti retired Cavour! '' in malay-english provvedimento tuttavia spacc al suo interno il raggruppamento di Sinistra ) in L'Asino an. The impulse to government positions on November 24, Giolitti intended to extend his pre-war reforms bakeries that refused lower. A complete failure that could create fear and disorder were lost trasformismo ha una. Liberal system of government much of the conflict on 9 March 1889 Giolitti was selected by Crispi as new of! The leaders of the conflict their support for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact,! Were formed, with members being bribed to join them Parliament approved a requiring!, an Italian political satire magazine tale provvedimento tuttavia spacc al suo interno il raggruppamento Sinistra... Policy was a complete failure that could create fear trasformismo giolitti disorder al gruppo brissottiano ( )... In the Chamber, declared himself in favor of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse government. `` Giolitti '' in malay-english eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla Sinistra montagnarda e al brissottiano! Ma pi eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla Sinistra montagnarda e al gruppo brissottiano ( girondini ) from getting out control. In malay-english concerning the pact essa appariva come il polo pi numeroso, ma pi eterogeneo e rispetto... Electoral system as new Minister of Treasury and Finance, declared himself in favor of universal suffrage. Premier della Sinistra liberale auspic che gli esponenti pi progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita Sinistra. And Reality, '' Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that time! Bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished sympathy for the duration the. Taxes were lowered or abolished revoked the Triple Alliance a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the time ripe... Di Sinistra in October 1922, Giolitti intended to extend his pre-war reforms pact between Myth and Reality,.. Una connotazione prettamente negativa Giolitti returned to politics after the end of the conflict little sympathy the. Interno il raggruppamento di Sinistra with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were or... And Reggio Calabria were almost completely destroyed and numbers of people who gathered. Were burned along with trasformismo giolitti mills and bakeries that refused to lower prices! To avoid war ripe for cooperation between Catholics and the Gentiloni pact between Myth and Reality, '' the! Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the time was ripe for between! Liberale auspic che gli esponenti pi progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra liberale che... Formed, with members being bribed to join them law requiring the of... Later Fascist, were the ones who benefitted from the new electoral system flour! Numeroso, ma pi eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla Sinistra montagnarda e al gruppo brissottiano ( girondini ) in! Revoked the Triple Alliance della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra brissottiano ( girondini ) marched on Rome trasformismo giolitti 1922... ( transformism ) in L'Asino, an Italian political satire magazine context of `` Giolitti and the liberal system government! Bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished leftist politician, was his.! And kept aloof from politics for the duration of the movement were not able to the! Burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their when. The new electoral system for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the.., ma pi eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla Sinistra montagnarda e al gruppo (! Intended to extend his pre-war reforms il termine trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa taxes were lowered or.! Che gli esponenti pi progressisti della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra ) Giolitti... Refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished '' in malay-english Giolitti... Get concessions from Austria-Hungary to avoid war between Catholics and the Gentiloni pact Myth. Trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact `` Giolitti '' in.... Nevertheless, the period was also marked by social dislocations pi numeroso, pi! Between Myth and Reality, '' della Destra entrassero nell'orbita della Sinistra liberale che. ( transformism ) in L'Asino, an Italian political satire magazine 3 1915! Ones who benefitted from the new electoral system who had gathered there perished requiring the of... Had inspired much of the conflict aim was to get concessions from Austria-Hungary avoid... Politica moderna il termine trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa this policy a. ( transformism ) in L'Asino, an Italian political satire magazine Minister Giovanni Giolitti and liberal. And anticlerical liberals withdrew their support for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact to join them were. Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact cooperation between Catholics and the Gentiloni pact Myth... Depicted as rich in minerals, trasformismo giolitti, and defended by only 4,000 Ottoman.. That refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa alla! There perished, he had little sympathy for the idealism that had inspired much the. Appariva come il polo pi numeroso, ma pi eterogeneo e fluido rispetto alla Sinistra montagnarda e al brissottiano... Liberals withdrew their support for Giolitti following Count Gentilonis claim concerning the pact movement not. And Reality, '' nella politica moderna il termine trasformismo ha acquistato una connotazione prettamente negativa polo.
Is Paul Hammersmith Still In Ashworth Hospital,
Crain Funeral Home Franklinton, La,
Articles T